chapter+2(literature+review)

In the previous chapter, we have discussed a bit about the fundamentals of the present study in coping with the causes of stressed among students including the issues with the test anxiety,financial problem, and family problem. Stress may be defined as a response brought about by various external events (Selye, 1976) and can be viewed as a positive or negative experience. Fontana (1989) defines stress as a demand made upon the adaptive capacities of the mind and the body. If these capacities can handle the demand and enjoy the stimulation involved, then stress is welcome and helpful. If they can't and find the demand itself then stress is unwelcomed and unhelpful. In the other words, reaction to stress tend to be vary by individual and the same conditions can cause different effects. Research suggests that the relationship between stress levels and human performance is positive, followed by a decline after reaching an optimum point. Although low levels of stress may serves as a catalyst and positively affect individual performance, there is a point beyond which stress tends to have a negative effect (Brymer, 1982).

The university years tend to be a very hard time in a young adult's life. Exam anxiety is a common phenomena that involves feelings of tension that occur before, during or after an examination (Glendale Community College Counseling Center, 2000). Sometimes, it makes sense to be anxious about a test because of poor time management and poor study habits. Waiting to the last minute and staying up in the night before an exam may have worked in high school, but many exams in the university level may be difficult even for the best prepared students. Anxiety and panic in the exam hall also can contribute to lower marks and students may report remember the formula or facts as soon as the exam is over. However, in some cases, anxiety can become so intense that it would leads to a symptom that would lead to a negative impact on university students (Dr. Tamara D. Hanoski).

The second issue regarding to financial crisis among student university may burden them and lead to decrease of the performance in study or drop out the subjects. Roughly, about 50 percent of American students who enter college don't end up graduating.According to U.S Census figures, six in ten senior students go on to college the following year, but only 29 percent of adults had at least hold the bachelor degree. Students can hardly afford to live anymore .Classes combined with one more job leave little time for a student to get required like sleep, but most students must work to afford college (Gloria, 2007).As students register for classes another unexpected cost arise. The material used to referred for the studies are expensive. In this situation, students need to find the money to buy the books and notes and even the past year question and all these stuff are expensive to student.

All of us knows how important and the impact of family members in everyone's life.Obviously, family is a very important in a part of our life.It could also be a huge source of our stress. Between the family members, there are always some misunderstandings and that can cause a great deal of stress. Health of a family members is also a great source of stress. A child get ill and parents get concerned, older member of the family is getting old and ill and younger members are becoming stress because of it. Causes of stress within the family can arise from marital problem, dealing with difficult children, caring for a member of the family who is ill, seperation, divorce or the death of a love one (Sarah, 2008). Cahir and morris (1991) state the impact on students and found that the female students had higher stress scores than males.Researchers has generally suggested that women are at risk group since they have been found to report more psychological distress than men (Gadzella, 1994, Kohn, 1990 ).

As a conclussion for the the whole issues in this topic, stress can have positive as well as negative consequences in the lives and performance of today's university students.Even with the small problem can cause a major stress in students. University students deal with lot of work and commitment.It also presents them with a new environment, new hopes and different expectations.Things don't always go as the students wish and the stress feel by the students is very real. Our stress is caused by several things and sometimes we didn't expect it to be happen. So, we should find out what is the source of stress and trying to overcome the problems for a better life as a student and the better person in the future.